Playwright：修订间差异

2023年4月30日 (日) 14:49的最新版本

Playwright是微软源的一个Web测试和自动化框架。支持 Chromium、Firefox和WebKit浏览器，Linux、macOS和Windows平台，Python、.NET和Java等多语言。

简介

时间轴

安装

安装Python版本：

# 安装pytest插件版playwright
# pip install pytest-playwright
# 安装Pytest
pip install playwright 

# 安装所有支持的浏览器及配置驱动
# playwright install
# 只安装chrome浏览器及配置驱动，使用playwright install -h可以查看帮助
# 目前支持chromium, chrome, chrome-beta, msedge, msedge-beta, msedge-dev, firefox, webkit浏览器。 
playwright install chrome

快速入门

同步模式

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

playwright = sync_playwright().start()
# 使用playwright.chromium, playwright.firefox or playwright.webkit
# 默认无界面模式，launch使用headless=False设置有界面
browser = playwright.firefox.launch(headless=False)
page = browser.new_page()
page.goto("https://www.baidu.com")
page.screenshot(path="截图.png")
browser.close()
playwright.stop()

更常用使用with语句：

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

with sync_playwright() as p:
    browser = p.firefox.launch(headless=False)
    page = browser.new_page()
    page.goto("https://www.baidu.com/")
    # 输入框输入文字
    # page.locator('//input[@id="kw"]').fill('playwright') 
    page.fill('//input[@id="kw"]', 'playwright')
    # 点击搜索按钮
    # page.locator('//input[@id="su"]').click()  
    page.click('//input[@id="su"]')
    # 延迟5秒，单位毫秒
    page.wait_for_timeout(5*1000)    
    page.screenshot(path="截图.png")
    browser.close()

代码在Jupyter中运行会出现错误：Error: It looks like you are using Playwright Sync API inside the asyncio loop.Please use the Async API instead.。解决办法：代码保存到测试.py，在终端运行python 测试.py。

了解更多 >> Playwright Python 文档：入门

异步模式

使用with语句

import asyncio
from playwright.async_api import async_playwright

async def main():
    async with async_playwright() as p:
        browser = await p.firefox.launch(headless=False)
        page = await browser.new_page()
        await page.goto("https://wwww.baidu.com")
        print(await page.title())
        await browser.close()

asyncio.run(main())

了解更多 >> Playwright Python 文档：入门

浏览器

安装和使用

名称	描述
chromium	使用`playwright install chromium`安装好浏览器和驱动 from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright with sync_playwright() as p: browser = p.chromium.launch(headless=False) page = browser.new_page() page.goto("https://www.baidu.com/") page.wait_for_timeout(5*1000) # 等待5秒 page.screenshot(path="截图.png") browser.close()
chrome	使用`playwright install chrome`自动安装浏览器和驱动，也可以自己安装浏览器和驱动。 browser = p.chromium.launch( channel="chrome", headless=False, slow_mo=10, # 跳过检测 args=['--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled'] )
firefox	使用`playwright install firefox`自动安装浏览器和驱动 browser = p.firefox.launch(headless=False)

页面

名称	描述	示例
goto()

content()	页面HTML源代码	with open('test.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8' ) as f: f.write(page.content())

元素

定位

名称	描述	示例

了解更多 >> Playwright Python 文档：定位

属性

名称	描述	示例

了解更多 >> Playwright Python API：locator类

网络

监听请求和响应

使用page.on("request", handler)和page.on("response", handler)可以监听所有请求和响应事件。

处理请求

使用page.route()或browser_context.route()可以修改或终止请求。

修改请求

# 修改header，删除"x-secret"键
def handle_route(route):
    headers = route.request.headers
    del headers["x-secret"]
    route.continue_(headers=headers)
page.route("**/*", handle_route)

# Continue requests as POST.
page.route("**/*", lambda route: route.continue_(method="POST"))

终止请求

使用page.route()和route.abort()可以终止请求。如有时候不想加载图片和一些请求。

page = browser.new_page()
page.route("**/*.{png,jpg,jpeg}", lambda route: route.abort())
page.goto("https://example.com")
browser.close()

根据正则表达式：

page = browser.new_page()
page.route(re.compile(r"(\.png$)|(\.jpg$)"), lambda route: route.abort())
page.goto("https://example.com")
browser.close()

以下代码根据请求类型和请求url终止某些请求：

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

ABORT_TYPES = ['image', 'font', 'media']
ABORT_URL_NAME = ['bdstatic.com', '/static/superman', '.js']
def handle_route(route):
    if route.request.resource_type in ABORT_TYPES:
        return route.abort()
    elif any(name in route.request.url for name in ABORT_URL_NAME):
        return route.abort()        
    else:
        route.continue_()

with sync_playwright() as p:
    browser = p.chromium.launch(headless=False)
    page = browser.new_page()
    page.route("**/*", handle_route)
    page.goto("https://www.baidu.com")
    page.wait_for_timeout(10*1000)    
    browser.close()

处理响应

要修改响应，先使用APIRequestContext获取原始响应，然后将响应传递给route.fulfill() 。

了解更多 >> Playwright Python 文档：网络 - 修改响应

调试工具

Inspector

设置为debug模式，运行代码时即可打开Playwright Inspector。设置方法：设置环境变量PWDEBUG=1。

# Bash
PWDEBUG=1 pytest -s

# PowerShell中
$env:PWDEBUG=1

# Batch
set PWDEBUG=1

Trace Viewer

代码生成器

使用playwright codegen命令可以运行代码生成，会打开两个窗口，一个是浏览器，另一个是Playwright Inspector窗口。在浏览器器中操作，会在Inspector窗口实时生成代码。可以使用playwright codegen -h查看帮助。

# 使用firefox浏览器，打开www.baidu.com网页。
playwright codegen www.baidu.com -b firefox

#  生成代码保存到test.py
playwright codegen -o test.py -b firefox

了解更多 >> Playwright Python 文档：测试生成器

检测与防检测

防检测

名称

描述

设置参数，运行add_init_script

删除一些特征。

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

with sync_playwright() as p:
    browser = p.chromium.launch(
            channel="chrome",
            headless=False,
            slow_mo=10,
            # 防检测
            args=['--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled']
        )
    page = browser.new_page()
    page.add_init_script("""
    Object.defineProperties(navigator, {webdriver:{get: () => undefined}});
    """)
    page.goto("https://wwww.baidu.com")
    page.wait_for_timeout(5*1000)    
    page.screenshot(path="截图.png")
    browser.close()

资源

官网

Playwright 官网：https://playwright.dev
Playwright 源代码：https://github.com/microsoft/playwright
Playwright Python版源代码：https://github.com/microsoft/playwright-python
Playwright Python 文档：https://playwright.dev/python/docs/intro
Playwright Python API：https://playwright.dev/python/docs/api/class-playwright